22. Human neural energy transfer - A.

The diagram shows the pathways for neural energy transfer on ONE SIDE of the brain. Energy in the external environment is converted into neural energy in humans in three basic ways.

Electromagnetic energy is sensed as sights and temperatures via eye and skin receptors. Chemical energy is sensed as smells and tastes via nose and tongue receptors. Physical energy is sensed as sounds and pressures via ear and skin receptors.

(Our continuing taste example is highlighted in yellow.)

All types of energy in the internal environment (inside the body) are sensed by receptors in vessels, viscera and glands -- marked VVG.

A further type of transduction is that of positional sense or proprioception (marked PR), mediated via the labyrinth of the ear and receptors in muscles, joints and tendons.

We respond to all these stimuli via either our somatic (SM), branchial (BM) or visceral muscles and the energy transfer cycle is completed by heat loss at body surfaces and in excretions.